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Modern computer-aided-engineering (CAE) software design tools based on electromagnetic (EM) simulation are quite good at predicting circuit performance using different models. But even the best simulation software can fall short of predicting the effects of some normal circuit fabrication process variations, specifically, deviations in copper plating thickness and how it can affect how conductors are shaped and the resulting performance of edge-coupled circuits. Read some of the variations that can effect your designs.

While the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Table of International Allocations and most national allocations tables have listed spectrum allocations up to 275 GHz, in reality specific policies for technologies above 100 GHz have been very rare until recently.

The GSA Research team have identified 100 announced 5G devices in total, excluding regional variants and prototypes not expected to be commercialised. This is a major milestone for the 5G device ecosystem.

In LTE or 4G, the 3GPP defined a coexistence path for WiFi and LTE using the unlicensed bands, where an LTE subscriber could use the unlicensed 2.4 or 5 GHz bands to supplement data throughput.  Known as LAA or license assisted access, LTE and WiFi can coexist, although it is unclear how many users take advantage of this technology today.  3GPP’s 5G NR-U proposals go way beyond the prior 4G work, and there is additional motivation to take NR-U further.