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The IEEE 802.16 working group is focused on developing standards for Broadband Wireless Access. As a part of this work, a physical layer specification has been written for mobile devices, 1 which uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in combination with advanced techniques such as Adaptive Modulation and...

Operators are faced with the challenge of providing enough transmission capacity for the almost exponential demand in bandwidth from new data services, while constrained by a relatively modest increase in revenue from those services (see Figure 1 ). This additional bandwidth demand is not an issue for fiber optic...

From its beginning, one of the challenges of mobile cellular communications systems has been delivering a very stable and accurate (as little as 16 parts per billion, ppb) long-term frequency reference at each base transceiver station (BTS) to maintain accurate radio transmit and receive frequencies needed for reliable inter-cell...

With the recent inclusion of MIMO into both WiMAX and LTE standards, MIMO technology is booming. In an unusual multidisciplinary approach, multi-mode multi-cavity microwave applicator, signal-processing, aperture-iris coupling and RF antenna engineering techniques are being jointly applied to provide realistic and repeatable emulation of MIMO. As a result, EMITE...

LTE Poster Agilent’s LTE poster is a vital tool for engineers working with this exciting technology. It has recently been updated to include technical detail on FDD and TDD frame structures, including down and uplink physical mapping, downlink configurations and TDD 5-ms switch periodicity mapping. Get your free copy...

Passive microwave components are electrical elements without gain or directionality, yet they perform a range of functions such as signal attenuation, filtering, dividing/combining and routing. Designed for every medium from RF boards to System in Packages (SiP) to integrated circuits (MMIC/RFIC), passives are ubiquitous and essential. Driven by complex...

A power divider is one of the most important passive circuits used in microwave and millimeter-wave applications. In 1960, Wilkinson proposed an N-way in-phase power divider. 1 He described a circularly symmetric power divider, which split a signal into N-equiphase and equiamplitude signals with an even or odd number...

The frequency spectrum is currently used for many applications and this resource is limited. There is also a growing demand for the use of higher frequencies, resulting from the demand from electronic warfare systems. Therefore, it is necessary to use the high band spectrum. The main advantages of working...

The last in a series of eight modernized Global Positioning System IIR (GPS IIR-M) satellites built by Lockheed Martin has been declared operational by the US Air Force for military and civilian navigation users around the globe. The satellite, known as GPS IIR-21(M), was launched successfully from Cape Canaveral...

TS2 Satellite Technologies is introducing new satellite link products to the international market. These types of telecommunication products are mainly used by the companies that execute contracts in the Middle East and Asia, as well as by soldiers that are stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan. “Purchased bands give us...