Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory are reinventing the mirror, at least for microwaves, potentially replacing the familiar 3D dishes and microwave horns we see on rooftops and cell towers with flat panels that are compact, versatile and better adapted for modern communication technologies.
The flat-panel reflector can be controlled electronically, which means its characteristics can be reconfigured on the fly. This opens the window for beam steering, customized focusing and other functions that are difficult to achieve with conventional antenna designs.
One-Way Metasurface
Most reflectors are reciprocal. With a bathroom mirror, for example, if you can see someone reflected in it, they can see you too. The new reflector design breaks reciprocity, effectively turning it into a one-way mirror.
The reflectors are composed of an array of finely structured electronic components on a planar surface. Applying signals to the components allows the 2D reflector to perform much like a 3D antenna and, in some cases, do things a conventional antenna cannot.
This device is known as a “metasurface,” because its characteristics can be electronically changed to act in different ways without modifying the physical shape of the surface.
“We have demonstrated the first dynamic metasurface capable of achieving extreme non-reciprocity by converting microwaves into plasmons, which are electric charge waves on the reflector’s surface,” said Diego Dalvit of the T-4 group at Los Alamos. “This is key to controlling the way the reflectors function.”
By applying electrical signals to the reflector components, the researchers modulated the metasurface to control the direction and frequency of reflected light.
The nonreciprocal response of the reflector can help prevent antennas from picking up echoes from their outgoing broadcasts and protect delicate circuitry from powerful, potentially damaging incoming signals. Miniaturized versions could improve chip-based circuitry by ensuring that signals go only to the intended components and don’t lead to inadvertent signals in other parts of the circuit, a problem that chip designers often have to worry about.
Applications
The new Los Alamos reflector platform opens opportunities in various applications, including adaptive optics that can account for distortions that disrupt signals, one-way wireless transmission and novel antenna designs.
“Our new reflectors offer lightweight, low-profile alternatives to conventional antennas. This is a potential boon for satellites, where minimizing weight and size is crucial,” said Abul Azad of the MPA-CINT group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. “The panels could be easily incorporated onto surfaces of buildings or terrestrial vehicles, as well.”