White Papers

This white paper describes the basic functionality of antennas. Starting with Hertz's Antenna model followed by a short introduction to the fundamentals of wave propagation, the important general characteristics of an antenna and its associated parameters are explained.

API Technologies offers a wide range of high quality standard and custom Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) product solutions. API believes in a flexible approach and possesses high volume capability and world wide support.

Radio frequency (RF) waves are fascinating natural phenomena that have allowed humanity to create tools to communicate over vast distances, observe other worlds, and gain a deeper understanding of our own planet. They are also ubiquitous here on Earth. We are surrounded by RF waves created by human technology, like the signals produced by radio and television stations and mobile phones, as well as signals emitted by natural sources like pulsars and supernovae scattered throughout the universe.

RF pulse measurements, to characterize the signal in the frequency domain, are traditionally carried out on an RF spectrum analyzer. For time related pulse parameters, oscilloscopes are widely used. However, the measurement capabilities of state of the art test and measurement equipment has evolved over time and crosses domains.

As mobile operators fast-track their 5G deployment plans, chipset and device manufacturers must also accelerate their development activities, including determining how to test 5G data throughput most effectively.

Perhaps you’re reassessing your test equipment: “Sustain, upgrade or replace?” For your manager, total cost of ownership (TCO) is central to that decision. Our TCO model includes the purchase price plus ongoing costs. This makes it easier to compare alternatives and make better decisions. Read the details in our whitepaper.

The Keysight 5G poster, titled “10 Things You Should Know About Massive MIMO,” provides insights into massive MIMO as well as 5G solutions. Enhance your lab and office walls with the lastest reference poster.

With most modern PC based digitizers a common problem is caused by the fact that the ADC technology runs in advance of PC bus technology. High-speed and high-resolution digitizers offer much more data than the PC environment could transfer. Spectrum presents a solution.

Pulse shaping, as it is done today, is an effort to fix fidelity issues caused by the transmitting amplifier and is accomplished by a combination of imperfect methods, most external to the amplifier.

Power amplifier (PA) performance under small- and large-signal operating conditions is contingent upon the output impedance match (load). As a result, PA designers must determine the ideal output load for system-driven amplifier requirements such as output power at a given saturated power (compression point), efficiency, and/or linearity.