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A VNA measures reflection coefficients of RF devices and systems. To be very meticulous, each measurement should be accompanied by an uncertainty with a specified statistical confidence interval. To understand the measurement uncertainty, or accuracy, it is important to understand the contributing factors, which are explored in this white paper.
Our daily activities rely on a wide range of radio-frequency (RF) receivers. These are designed to achieve certain performance requirements and meet published specifications though often in a test lab environment. Learn how to ensure reliable operation, testing with nonideal or impaired signals and more from Rohde & Schwarz experts.
Conformance tests are performed on serial data interfaces such as USB, HDMI and PCI Express to ensure interoperability between electronic devices and accessories. In cases where signal integrity problems are encountered, the R&S®RTP oscilloscope supports root cause analysis by providing powerful tools such as eye diagrams, jitter and noise separation as well as time domain reflectometry.
Understanding the meaning of S-parameters, how they are measured, and their limitations can lead to more meaningful simulations of RF- and microwave-frequency inductors, chokes, wideband RF transformers, and high-speed common mode chokes. This document describes how S-parameters are generated and how to best apply them to your simulations.
Advancements within the telecom industry and digital communication methods complicate an RF measurement system’s capability to accurately characterize system components. This resource reviews how the air interface layer has changed throughout this digital evolution and explains how measurement systems often need to be upgraded to meet the new performance criteria.
Positioning technologies will continue to play an essential role in wireless communications. The influence of these technologies is transitioning to a “must-have” approach requiring resilient and reliable provisioning of location estimates. Register now for a concise description of 5G-relevant positioning technologies, related test challenges and how to solve them.
In this article, a comparison focused on the power efficiency of analog, digital, and hybrid beamforming architectures is presented. A detailed equation-based model for the power consumption of the three architectures was developed for a receive phased array. The model clearly illustrates the contributions of various components to the total power consumption and how the power scales with various array parameters. A comparison of power consumption per beam-bandwidth product for the different array architectures shows the advantage of the hybrid approach for millimeter wave phased arrays with a large number of elements.
This educational note provides performance parameters to consider when evaluating signal generators for your receiver testing in order to ensure that the signal generator provides a level of performance that has minimal effect on your receiver measurements.
Traditional fabrication approaches of Microwave/mmWave devices have material, geometry, tolerance, and/or repeatability challenges. New 3D printable resins with desirable Microwave/mmWave characteristics are enabling 3D DLP manufacturing of low-loss and low-dielectric constant material for prototyping and production. This whitepaper discusses applications of this 3D dielectric structure fabrication process.
For reliable and efficient system YOUR TASK verification and debug of DDR3/DDR4 memory designs, comprehensive compliance test and analysis tools are required. While measurement capability and usability are critical to speed up the verification and debug process, it is equally important to choose the right probing solution and use advanced techniques to improve overall measurement accuracy.
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