White Papers

Rohde and Schwarz

Application Note: The Cold Source Technique for Noise Figure Measurements

This application note describes the cold source technique as it is implemented on the R&S®ZNA vector network analyzer.
Holzworth

Measuring the Phase Noise of High-frequency, Low Phase Noise Dielectric Resonator Oscillators

Dielectric Resonator Oscillators (DROs) are compact, narrowband devices that stabilize frequency with a dielectric resonator, enabling the generation of microwave signals with extremely low phase noise. In this whitepaper, discover an advanced phase noise measurement solution that can capture DRO performance accurately and effectively.
mmTron

Disruptive MMICs for mmWave: Power | Efficiency | Linearity

The promise of mmWave spectrum for communications has been realized more slowly than hoped. Simultaneously optimizing for output power, linearity, and efficiency over wide bandwidths is more challenging than expected — limiting system capabilities such as range and data rates. This white paper discusses mmTron's approach to overcoming these challenges.
Rohde and Schwarz

High Rate Pulse Ultrawideband Physical Layer Testing and Certification

Read this white paper to get an overview of the UWB standards and international UWB consortia, technical fundamentals of UWB technology and the high rate pulse (HRP) UWB physical (PHY) layer based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard as well as the IEEE 802.15.4z standard.
pSemi

SOI-RF Enabling mMIMO Active Antenna Radio Design for 5G Sub-6

The superior performance of active/advanced antenna systems (AAS) compared to traditional passive antenna systems (PAS) is driving a transition towards AAS for telecommunications base stations. These AAS are composed of several to even hundreds of antenna elements that, depending on the design, require distinct RF signal chains to the antenna elements. 
Skyworks

Data Center Trends Driving The Next Wave in Timing Innovation

Learn why new technologies are being adopted to address the need for higher bandwidth in data centers to run increasingly complex tasks and applications. Learn how the use of ultra-low jitter reference clocks to provide the optimal system performance in data centers.
 
To continue supporting the rapid pace of new innovations and applications being run in the cloud, architects and hardware designers must continue to expand bandwidth within the servers, storage equipment and switching networks within data centers. The migration to 100/400GbE in data center interconnect and leaf/spine switches, PCIe Gen4/5 in servers and add-in cards, and NVME in solid state storage all exemplify new technologies being adopted to address the need for higher bandwidth. To ensure the maximum potential of these technologies is reached, system designers must put greater importance on clock tree design and use ultra-low jitter reference clocks throughout the data center.
Rohde and Schwarz

Understanding EMI Precompliance Testing

The expansion of electronic and radio frequency technology into almost every aspect of daily life has greatly increased the importance of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. This educational note discusses the fundamentals of EMC precompliance testing: what precompliance is, why precompliance is important, and how precompliance testing is performed.
Skyworks Solutions

Holdover Plays an Important Role in the Network

This Skyworks whitepaper discusses the role of holdover and its evolution from legacy SONET/SDH networks, which depend on frequency synchronization up to modern 5G mobile telecommunication which depend on frequency, phase, and time synchronization using IEEE 1588.
Altum RF

Cost-effective Front-end Components for X- and Ku-band Phased Array RADAR

This paper looks at common system architectures for short- to medium-range AESA radars, with a focus on the front-end components used to enhance system performance. These components include the power amplifier (PA) for transmit, the low-noise amplifier (LNA) for receive, and the transmit-receive switch to connect the antenna to the electronics. Key features include the different power levels, frequency bands, and compact size required to use these systems in urban areas.
Altair

Large Platform Co-Site Interference Mitigation

Analyzing co-site interference using electromagnetics simulation solutions requires:
  • Accurate determination of the coupling between antennas over a broad frequency range
  • Evaluation of the impact of non-linear electronic effects
This white paper describes how to analyze co-site interference on large multi-antenna platforms, modify proposed configurations, and easily eliminate co-site interference problems.