White Papers

In the 22 years since it was opened for satellite communications, Ku Band has become an essential part of the radio spectrum. Today, there are systems in place that provide video and data distribution for internet access, television news gathering, home radio and television programming, in-flight Wi-Fi and cellphone networks, plus high capacity data networks for commercial and government applications.

This application note compares the commonly-implemented power measurement test setups for TVAC with a new test method that uses TVAC-qualified LAN power sensors. The paper explains how this new test method provides a simplified test setup, and more accurate and reliable microwave power measurements for TVAC testing of satellite equipment.

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) has become a key and sensitive topic for OEM’s and suppliers in many industries. Not only is it important to ensure electromagnetic problems will not occur when integrating components and devices in a system, but also to fulfil the related EMC regulations. FEKO is used for EMC to simulate problems related to Electromagnetic Interferences (EMI) and Electromagnetic Susceptibility or Immunity (EMS).

The polarization purity of an antenna system is an important characteristic, particularly in dual-polarized electronic systems, where depolarization can prevent the system’s quality objectives from being achieved. Recently, the CXR feed, a new, wide band, dual polarised feed, based on conjugate matching of the undesired cross-polar field in the QZ has been developed by MVG, significantly improving the cross-polar accuracy of standard single reflector CATR systems.

Learn about the fundamentals of noise and noise figure measurements, including the Y-factor technique and methods to calculate measurement uncertainty.

RF co-site interference has become a major issue with the proliferation of antennas, particularly in dense urban areas. This paper offers a practical perspective for those using or specifying new RF wireless systems about what RF co-site interference is, where it comes from, and some of the most common techniques and tools that are available in today’s market to solve these RF co-site interference problems.

This application note describes the differences between benchtop and PXI system architectures and programming interfaces to help you select the right programming interface for your application. Tips are included to make your integration job easier.

Keysight's new white paper, The Communication System Architect's Guide to 5G Physical Layer Modeling, describes how to model and evaluate a next-generation communication system in combined multi-domain simulation environments. With complex analog and digital components, it is vital to model accurately to understand the behavior of the system. 

Technology advancement in the electronic industry is unyielding but new trends will build on RF communications to drive new product functionality. Some examples include the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G mobile networks and automation/smart technology.

This NI AWR Design Environment(TM) white paper, "Design of Class F Power Amplifiers Using Cree GaN HEMTs and Microwave Office Software to Optimize Gain, Efficiency and Stability" details how Microwave Office circuit design software can be used to design power amplifiers employing Cree gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to maximize power-added efficiency (PAE) by optimizing source and load pull at both fundamental and harmonic frequencies. The load-pull scripts that are available in Microwave Office circuit design software have been used extensively to find the optimum trade-offs in power gain, efficiency, and stability.