White Papers

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This white paper describes the lifecycle of a modern mobile device, which includes identification of target requirements and goals, real-estate planning of components, design, prototype development, testing of the device at various stages, and commercial launch.

The constantly growing demand for devices with wireless communication ports is pushing devices to operate at increased bandwidths over a wide frequency range. It is becoming increasingly important to ensure every design engineer has an all-purpose radio frequency (RF) amplifier at hand.

Conformance tests are performed on serial data interfaces such as USB, HDMI and PCI Express to ensure interoperability between electronic devices and accessories. In cases where signal integrity problems are encountered, the R&S®RTP oscilloscope supports root cause analysis by providing powerful tools such as eye diagrams, jitter and noise separation as well as time domain reflectometry.

Dielectric Resonator Oscillators (DROs) are compact, narrowband devices that stabilize frequency with a dielectric resonator, enabling the generation of microwave signals with extremely low phase noise. Because of these advantages, DROs are prime choices for advanced, high-frequency applications, such as integration into radar and communications systems.

In broadband bias applications, most inductors do not cover enough impedance bandwidth. Bandwidth can be increased by putting three or four inductors in series, but DC losses and filter complexity increase. Instead, a broadband bias choke provides wide bandwidth in a single inductor package.

This paper provides an introduction to error vector magnitude (EVM), which is the primary metric of modulation accuracy. It discusses the fundamentals of the digital modulation schemes used in modern radio frequency communications systems, in particular, APSK and QAM, the fundamentals of error vector magnitude, and basics of constellation diagrams and how constellation diagrams can often be used to diagnose or troubleshoot the common root causes of EVM.

Multi-tone testing has many benefits. While the multi-tone method was initially implemented to increase the speed of IEC 61000-4-3 radiated immunity testing, it has been found that this method also improves equipment efficiency, offers greater flexibility to truly test the equipment (EUT) under real-world threat conditions, and can be fully compliant to standards.

The prospect of offering large contiguous frequency bands to meet the demand for extremely high data transfer rates in the Tbit/s range is making terahertz (THz) waves a key research area for the next generation of wireless communications (6G). This white paper offers an overview of the fundamentals of THz waves and their properties for various applications with a focus on 6G based communications.

Next-generation electronic systems often demand increased RF power within a smaller footprint to meet demanding performance and size requirements. This paper discusses the impact of operating temperature on RF device performance and presents a thermal analysis solution in which the Cadence Celsius Thermal Solver is integrated with the AWR Design Environment RF/microwave platform.